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1Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
2Dazhou Vocational and Technical College, Dazhou, China
© 2024, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Data availability
The data used in this study were obtained from the seventh KNHANES (2016-2018) conducted by the KDCA. Those interested in the data underpinning this research can make a direct request from the corresponding author, Hyun-Jae Cho. For data access, visit the website (https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/sub03/sub03_02_05.do) and complete the necessary application form.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
Funding
This study was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2020R1C1C1013322).
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Wang ZL, Kim SJ, Cho HJ. Data curation: Wang ZL, Kim SJ, Ryu SH, Choi EJ. Formal analysis: Wang ZL, Kim SJ, Cho HJ. Funding acquisition: Cho HJ. Methodology: Wang ZL, Kim SJ, Cho HJ, Ryu SH, Choi EJ. Writing - original draft: Wang ZL, Kim SJ, Choi EJ. Writing - review & editing: Cho HJ, Kim SJ, Wang ZL, Choi EJ, Ryu SH.
Household income | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
n | 9,360 | 9,302 | 9,302 |
Highest | 1.92 (1.51, 2.44)* | 1.65 (1.30, 2.11)* | 1.63 (1.27, 2.08)* |
Medium-high | 1.69 (1.35, 2.13)* | 1.59 (1.26, 2.00)* | 1.57 (1.24, 1.99)* |
Medium-low | 1.37 (1.09, 1.73)* | 1.32 (1.04, 1.67)* | 1.31 (1.03, 1.65)* |
Lowest | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Floss |
Household income |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Medium-low | Medium-high | Highest | |
Age | ||||
30-39 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.51, 1.74) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.94) | 1.08 (0.58, 2.02) |
40-49 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.22 (0.77, 1.95) | 1.36 (0.86, 2.14) | 1.29 (0.83, 2.00) |
50-59 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13 (0.69, 1.85) | 1.42 (0.90, 2.24) | 1.69 (1.07, 2.68)* |
60-69 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.64) | 1.58 (0.99, 2.62) | 1.72 (1.05, 2.84)* |
≥70 | 1.00 (reference) | 2.32 (1.18, 4.59)* | 3.64 (1.86, 7.11)* | 2.84 (1.43, 5.67)* |
Gender | ||||
Men | 1.00 (reference) | 1.21 (0.80, 1.85) | 1.36 (0.90, 2.06) | 1.46 (0.96, 2.21) |
Women | 1.00 (reference) | 1.31 (0.99, 1.73) | 1.64 (1.24, 2.17)* | 1.67 (1.24, 2.23)* |
Periodontitis | ||||
Yes | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.56) | 1.34 (0.90, 2.00) | 1.64 (1.10, 2.44)* |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.41 (1.06, 1.87)* | 1.66 (1.24, 2.23)* | 1.64 (1.23, 2.18)* |
Characteristics | Dental floss |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Age, mean | 2,528 | 46.4 (45.8, 47.0) | 6,853 | 53.8 (53.3, 54.4) | <0.001 |
Gender | <0.001 | ||||
Men | 832 | 30.8 (29.1, 32.6) | 3,151 | 43.9 (42.8, 43.9) | |
Women | 1,696 | 69.2 (67.4, 70.9) | 3,702 | 56.1 (54.9, 57.2) | |
Household income | <0.001 | ||||
Lowest | 175 | 7.1 (5.9, 8.6) | 1,181 | 17.0 (15.5, 18.5) | |
Medium-low | 548 | 21.3 (19.2, 23.6) | 1,741 | 25.1 (23.6, 26.7) | |
Medium-high | 841 | 33.1 (30.9, 35.4) | 1,952 | 28.3 (26.9, 29.7) | |
Highest | 960 | 38.4 (35.5, 41.4) | 1,962 | 29.6 (27.5, 31.8) | |
Oral examinations during the past 1 yr | <0.001 | ||||
No | 1,275 | 50.3 (47.8, 52.7) | 4,497 | 65.4 (63.9, 66.9) | |
Yes | 1,253 | 49.7 (47.3, 52.2) | 2,356 | 34.6 (33.1, 36.1) | |
Daily toothbrushing | <0.001 | ||||
Once or none | 397 | 15.1 (13.6, 16.8) | 1,552 | 22.1 (20.9, 23.4) | |
Twice or more | 2,123 | 84.9 (83.2, 86.4) | 5,230 | 77.9 (76.6, 79.1) | |
Periodontitis | <0.001 | ||||
No | 2,013 | 80.2 (78.0, 82.2) | 4,253 | 62.9 (61.0, 64.6) | |
Yes | 514 | 19.8 (17.8, 22.0) | 2,597 | 37.1 (35.4, 39.0) | |
Smoking | <0.001 | ||||
Current | 325 | 12.7 (11.1, 14.4) | 1,306 | 18.0 (16.8, 19.2) | |
Past | 481 | 18.0 (16.4, 19.8) | 1,529 | 22.0 (20.9, 23.1) | |
Never | 1,722 | 69.3 (67.3, 71.2) | 4,017 | 60.0 (58.7, 61.3) | |
Alcohol drinking | <0.001 | ||||
No | 193 | 7.4 (6.4, 8.5) | 749 | 10.7 (9.9, 11.6) | |
Yes | 2,335 | 92.6 (91.6, 93.6) | 6,102 | 89.3 (88.4, 90.1) |
Household income | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
n | 9,360 | 9,302 | 9,302 |
Highest | 1.92 (1.51, 2.44) |
1.65 (1.30, 2.11) |
1.63 (1.27, 2.08) |
Medium-high | 1.69 (1.35, 2.13) |
1.59 (1.26, 2.00) |
1.57 (1.24, 1.99) |
Medium-low | 1.37 (1.09, 1.73) |
1.32 (1.04, 1.67) |
1.31 (1.03, 1.65) |
Lowest | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Floss | Household income |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Medium-low | Medium-high | Highest | |
Age | ||||
30-39 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.51, 1.74) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.94) | 1.08 (0.58, 2.02) |
40-49 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.22 (0.77, 1.95) | 1.36 (0.86, 2.14) | 1.29 (0.83, 2.00) |
50-59 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13 (0.69, 1.85) | 1.42 (0.90, 2.24) | 1.69 (1.07, 2.68) |
60-69 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.64) | 1.58 (0.99, 2.62) | 1.72 (1.05, 2.84) |
≥70 | 1.00 (reference) | 2.32 (1.18, 4.59) |
3.64 (1.86, 7.11) |
2.84 (1.43, 5.67) |
Gender | ||||
Men | 1.00 (reference) | 1.21 (0.80, 1.85) | 1.36 (0.90, 2.06) | 1.46 (0.96, 2.21) |
Women | 1.00 (reference) | 1.31 (0.99, 1.73) | 1.64 (1.24, 2.17) |
1.67 (1.24, 2.23) |
Periodontitis | ||||
Yes | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.56) | 1.34 (0.90, 2.00) | 1.64 (1.10, 2.44) |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.41 (1.06, 1.87) |
1.66 (1.24, 2.23) |
1.64 (1.23, 2.18) |
Values are presented as unweighted number or weighted % (95% confidence interval).
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Model 1: adjusted for age and gender; Model 2: additionally adjusted for oral examinations during the past 1 year, daily toothbrushing, and periodontitis; Model 3: additionally adjusted for smoking and alcohol drinking. p<0.05.
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Confounder variables: age (≥30 yr), gender, oral examinations during the past 1 year, daily toothbrushing, periodontitis, smoking, alcohol drinking. p<0.05.